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TSS Kanowna
TSS ''Kanowna'', was an Australian steamer built during 1902.〔Southern Ocean Exploration, ''Kanowna''〕 The 6,993-ton, long ''Kanowna'' was constructed by William Denny and Brothers of Dumbarton, Scotland, and had a twin screw design.〔
==Operational history==
''Kanowna'' was operated by the Australian United Steam Navigation Company (AUSNC), and it served the Sydney to Fremantle route.〔
During August and September 1914, ''Kanowna'' was requisitioned by the Australian military to transport 1,000 soldiers to German New Guinea as part of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force.〔Frame & Baker, ''Mutiny!'', p. 72〕 Sailing late from Townsville on 8 August, the ship was forced to anchor off Thursday Island until 16 August, and did not arrive off Port Moresby until 6 September.〔 The expeditionary force sailed the next day for Rabaul, but ''Kanowna'' fell behind the rest of the convoy, with the ship's master signalling to that his crew had mutinied: the boiler stokers and firemen had stopped work.〔Frame & Baker, ''Mutiny!'', p. 73〕 In Arthur Jose's Royal Australian Navy-focused volume of the ''Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918'', he claims that the mutiny was because these men refused to leave Australian waters, but Tom Frame and Kevin Baker state in ''Mutiny!'' that this is incorrect; the troopship was on short rations of food and water because of the delays sailing north and only minimal resupply in Port Moresby, but the stokers and firemen were requesting more water to remain hydrated in the hot boilerrooms and to wash off coal grime, and refused to work until this demand was met.〔Frame & Baker, ''Mutiny!'', pp. 72-3〕〔Jose, ''The Royal Australian Navy 1914–1918'', p. 78〕 The workers were taken into the custody of a party of soldiers, and the force's commander ordered ''Kanowna'' to return to Townsville, with soldiers volunteering to keep the ship running.〔〔 The Australian Commonwealth Naval Board conducted an inquiry into the mutiny, even though as a civilian vessel, ''Kanowna'' technically wasn't under their jurisdiction.〔 The state of the supplies was seen as a major contributing factor to the sailors' actions.〔 ''Kanowna'' was returned to her owners on 21 September.〔Jose, ''The Royal Australian Navy 1914–1918'', p. 488〕
On 1 June 1915, the vessel was requisitioned again for military service.〔 ''Kanwona'' transported soldiers and supplies to Egypt, then made for England, where she was modified for use as a hospital ship.〔 After completion, ''Kanowna'' could carry 452 wounded in cots, along with a medical staff of 88 in addition to her regular crew.〔Jose, ''The Royal Australian Navy 1914–1918'', p. 489〕 Sailing in September, ''Kanowna'' was used to transport Royal Army Medical Corps personnel to locations throughout the Mediterranean, then collected wounded Australian personnel and transported them home.〔 This was the ship's role for the next four years, although some runs were made to England with British wounded.〔 In May 1917, the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign forced the ship to sail around Africa instead of through the Mediterranean: the nurses and medical staff were transported overland from Durban to London, and used to supplement hospital personnel until ''Kanowna'' arrived in July.〔 In October 1918, after the war's end, the hospital ship was sent to collect 900 British and Commonwealth prisoners-of-war that had been interred in Turkey.〔 ''Kanowna'' was returned to the AUSNC on 29 July 1920, and she resumed passenger and cargo service.〔〔
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